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Auckland

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{| class="infobox bordered" align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=275 style="clear:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background:
  • f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|- |colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="
  • f9f9f9"|Auckland
|- |colspan=2 align=center| |- |Population:||1,241,800 |- |Location:|| [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] |- |Mayor:||Multiple, including Dick Hubbard, Sir Barry Curtis, Bob Harvey, George Wood (New Zealand)|George Wood |- !colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="
  • BFDFFF"|Urban Area
|- |Extent:||north to Kumeu & Waiwera,
east to Bucklands Beach,
south to Runciman;
excludes Waitakere Ranges
& Hauraki Gulf Islands |- !colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="
  • BFDFFF"|Territorial Authority
|- |Names:||Auckland City
North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore
Waitakere
Manukau, New Zealand |- |Regional Council:||Auckland (region) |- |} The Auckland Metropolitan Area', or 'Greater Auckland', in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest New Zealand urban area|urban area in New Zealand. It is a conurbation, made up of the cities of Auckland, Waitakere, Manukau and North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore. In MÄ?ori language it bears the name 'TÄ?maki Makau Rau' or 'Ä€karana. Auckland's population is approximately 1.3 million, making it by far the largest city in New Zealand, with one third of the country's entire population. Greater Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between Manukau harbour on the Tasman Sea and Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate bodies of water.


History


MÄ?ori settlers

Tamaki Makau Rau (isthmus of one thousand lovers), now known as Auckland, was first settled by MÄ?ori people around 1350. The region was valued for its rich and fertile land. MÄ?ori constructed terraced Pa (MÄ?ori)|pa (fortified villages) on the volcanic peaks. MÄ?ori population is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 in the region in pre-settlement times, a figure which would later qualify in New Zealand as a city. Earthworks are still evident today around some of the larger volcanoes such as Mount Albert, New Zealand|Mount Albert, Mount Eden and One Tree Hill, New Zealand|One Tree Hill. The isthmus, around 8km wide with Mount Eden and One Tree Hill at its narrowest point, led to the area having great strategic qualities. The isthmus also has the highly productive soils providing agricultural opportunities, and the two harbours providing diverse kai moana (seafood). NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua and Tainui were the main tribes traditionally living in the area. The arrival of Europeans, using guns as one of many trade commodities, changed the balance of power between iwi with the inevitable result of armed conflict. European settlement caused MÄ?ori numbers in what is now central Auckland city to be greatly reduced due to inter-iwi warfare, new diseases (especially smallpox and tuberculosis), and the common ills experienced by indigenous peoples from colonisation. There was a period of migrations of both Europeans and M&
  • 257;ori, one of the initial appeals of the area to Europeans being its low indigenous population.
&
  • 256;pihai Te Kawau (c. 1760-1869), leader of the Ngati Taou Hapu, was a good friend of Samuel Marsden. Over a ten-month period in 1821-1822 he conducted a principal part in the 1,000 mile Amiowhenua expedition. This series of battles raged through much of the central and southern North Island. It ended when Te Kawau's NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua forces, uniting with the Taranaki they were embattled with, jointly defended the Tainui Matakitaki pa from Hongi Hika's Ngapuhi forces.
By 1840 Te Kawau had become the paramount chief of NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua. Cautious of reprisals from the Nga Puhi defeated at Matakitaki, Te Kawau found it most convenient to offer Governor Hobson land around the present central city. He and six other chiefs travelled the Bay of Islands to make the offer and signed the Treaty of Waitangi on 20 March. NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua would certainly have expected from English colonialism increased security and trading benefits. This would include greater access via the quickly developed port facilities for the lucrative trade in produce grown in Tainui's fertile Waikato and Hauraki Plains for the Australian prison colonies and Sydney market. The sale price for the initial 3,000 acres (12 km²) was for cash and goods to the value of £341. As M&
  • 257;ori population declined for nearly a century, so did the quantity of land held by NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua. Within 20 years, 40% of their lands were lost, some through government land confiscation. At close to the lowest level of population, NgÄ?ti WhÄ?tua land holding was reduced to a few acres at Orakei, land which Te Kawau had declared "a last stand".


Birth of Auckland

After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840 the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, had the task of choosing a capital for the colony. At the time, the main European settlements were in the Bay of Islands. However, the Bay of Islands' geographical position made it very remote, inaccessible and off-centre from the rest of the New Zealand archipelago. Even in 1840 Port Nicholson (now Wellington Harbour) seemed the obvious choice for an administrative capital. Centrally situated at the south of the North Island, close to the South Island and growing fast, it had a lot to commend it. But the New Zealand Company and the Wakefield brothers had founded and continued to dominate Port Nicholson. Furthermore, it already had a bad reputation with the MÄ?ori for unscrupulous or even illegal occupation of land. On the initial recommendation of the missionary Henry Williams, supported by the Surveyor General, Felton Mathew, and the offer of land from Ng& From the outset a steady flow of new arrivals from within New Zealand and from overseas came to the new capital. Initially settlers from New South Wales predominated, but the first immigrant ships sailing directly from Britain started to arrive as early as 1842. From early times the eastern side of the settlement remained reserved for government officials while mechanics and artisans, the so-called "unofficial" settlers, congregated on the western side. This social division still persists in modern Auckland. Eventually Port Nicholson became the capital and, now known as Wellington, remains so today. The advantages of a central position became even more obvious as the South Island grew in prosperity with the discovery of gold in Otago, and with the development of sheep farming and refrigeration, especially refrigerated ships which allowed chilled meat to be safely shipped to Britain. Parliament met for the first time in Wellington in Timeline of New Zealand history

Growth of Auckland

Auckland formed a base for Governor George Grey's operations against the rebel MÄ?ori King Movement in the early 1860s. Grey's modus operandi involved opening up the Waikato and King Country by building roads, most notably Great South Road, (a large part of which now forms State Highway 1 (New Zealand)|State Highway 1). This enabled rapid movement, not only of soldiers, but also civilian settlers. It also enabled the extension of Pakeha influence and law to the South Auckland region. During the mid 19th century, European settlement of New Zealand was predominantly in the South Island. Auckland however gradually became the commercial capital. Market gardens were planted on the outskirts, while kauri tree logging and gum digging opened up the Waitakere Ranges. A Russian scare at the end of the century caused coastal guns to be bought and fortifications built, notably at Devonport, New Zealand and on Devonport, New Zealand and on Waiheke Island, where they can still be seen. By 1900 Auckland was the largest New Zealand city. In World War II the city was overflown by a Japanese seaplane, chased ineffectually by a Royal New Zealand Air Force De Havilland Tiger Moth. In the 1950s Auckland Harbour Bridge was constructed, linking North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore with the city. As flying boat services from Mechanics Bay and Hobsonville by aircraft such as the Short Solent and Short Sunderland were replaced by landplanes, an airport was opened at Mangere, supplanting earlier airfields at Ardmore, New Zealand and Ardmore, New Zealand and Whenuapai. Following the initiative of Michael Joseph Savage's New Zealand Labour Party large numbers of state houses were constructed through the late 1930s, '40s and '50s, usually on quarter-acre (1,000 m²) sections - a tradition that survives despite frequent subdivision. Auckland is a largely suburban city: although it has not much more than a seventh of the population of London, it sprawls over a considerably larger area - a fact that serves to make public transport by Auckland's rail and bus systems unpopular and uneconomic. All four electrical power cables supplying the Central Business District failed on 20 February Timeline of New Zealand history
  • 1990s|1998, causing the 1998 Auckland power crisis. It took five weeks before an emergency overhead cable was completed to restore the power supply to the Central Business District. For much of that time, about 60,000 of the 74,000 people who worked in the area worked from home or from relocated offices in the suburbs. Many of the 6,000 apartment dwellers in the area had to find alternative accommodation.



Geography and climate


Volcanoes

and its visibility from many parts of the Auckland region make it Auckland's most iconic natural feature. Rangitoto is eerily quiet as almost no birds and insects have settled on the island because of the rich acidic soil and type of flora that has adapted to grow out of the black broken rocky soil.

Isthmus and harbours

Auckland lies on and around an isthmus, less than two km wide at its narrowest point, between Mangere Inlet and Tamaki River. There are two harbours in the Auckland urban area surrounding this isthmus, Waitemata Harbour to the north, which opens east to the Hauraki Gulf, and Manukau Harbour to the south, which opens west to the Tasman Sea. Bridges span both of these harbours, Auckland Harbour Bridge on Waitemata Harbour and Mangere Bridge on Manukau Harbour.

Climate

Auckland has a warm-temperate climate, with warm, humid summers and cool but damp and lengthy winters. January temperatures average 21-24 °C. February can be warmer than January, and July maximum temperatures average 14-16 &
  • 176;C. High levels of rainfall occur almost year-round (over 1100 mm per year), especially in winter. Climatic conditions vary in different parts of the city owing to geography such as hills, trees and ocean wind currents. Snow has never been recorded in Auckland, although a heavy hailstorm in the 1950s was mistaken for snow by many residents, unlike some South Island cities which may get snow most years. It has snowed north of Auckland, at Kaikohe.



People
  • - See also: Culture of New Zealand


    • Cultures

    Auckland serves as a home to many cultures. The majority of inhabitants claim European — predominantly British — descent, but substantial MÄ?ori, Pacific Islander and Asian communities exist as well. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. An almost equally large proportion of the population is made up of people of Asian origin (mainly East Asian). This is due to New Zealand's world-leading level of immigration, which flows primarily into Auckland. Ethnic groups from all corners of the world have a presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city. It is estimated that over 14 people from other countries immigrate to Auckland every day. The 2001 New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings|New Zealand Census showed that:
  • - 66.9% of people in the Auckland Urban Area belong to European ethnic groups.
  • - 14.9% of people in the Auckland Urban Area belong to Pacific Peoples ethnic groups.
  • - 14.6% of people in the Auckland Urban Area belong to Asian ethnic groups.
  • - 11.5% of people in the Auckland Urban Area belong to the MÄ?ori ethnic group.
  • - 1.3% of people in the Auckland Urban Area belong to other ethnic groups.
    • (Note that these percentages do not add up to 100%, as some people belong to more than one ethnic group).

    Religion

    Like the rest of the country, more than half of Aucklanders are nominally Christian, but fewer than 10% regularly attend church and almost 40% profess no religious affiliation (2001 census figures). The main denominations are Anglican, Presbyterian and Roman Catholic. Pentecostal and charismatic churches are the fastest growing. The charismatic and fundamentalist Destiny Church, New Zealand|Destiny Church, headquartered in Auckland, has gained headlines because of its political activities. A higher percentage of Polynesian immigrants are regular churchgoers than other Aucklanders, although church attendance drops off in second- or third-generation Polynesian Aucklanders. Other immigrant cultures have added to the religious diversity of the city, bringing traditions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. There is also a small, long-established Jewish community. There is an even smaller Rationalist group. Western Central Auckland, particularly Mount Roskill, has been labelled the 'Bible Belt'.

    Social perceptions

    Aucklanders are viewed with varying degrees of dislike by some New Zealanders living outside Auckland. One perception of Aucklanders is that they are rich latte-sipping yuppies, with trendy but impractical political views. Some claim jokingly that Aucklanders think that "New Zealand stops at the Bombay Hills, New Zealand|Bombay Hills", the Bombay Hills forming the Auckland region's southern boundary. Some people living south of the hills agree with the statement, but regard "true" New Zealand as lying south, not north, of the hills. The word Jafa was coined as an insulting nickname for Aucklanders, but Aucklanders have robbed the word of its sting by enthusiastically embracing it. See the Jafa article for more on outsiders' attitudes. There are stereotypes about residents in some parts of Auckland. These stereotypes can be a badge of honour, or an insult, depending on how they are used, and by whom.
  • - Westies (people)
  • - South Aucklanders - people who live at the southern end of the city; the term is predominantly used to refer to a low socio-economic group with a high unemployment rate and a large population of Pacific Islanders, although there are quite a few affluent areas in South Auckland.
  • - East Aucklanders - residents in the eastern suburbs of the Auckland isthmus, including a large Asian (Chinese) population in Howick and surrounding areas.
  • - Shoreboy/girl - someone from the North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore. Generally perceived as 'spoilt rich kids' since the area is quite affluent. The term is somewhat analogous to the stereotype of the Valley girl in Los Angeles, though not as extreme.
  • - Parnell Girl - the old money equivalent of the more nouveau riche Shore Girl. Characterised by a blonde bob and expensive fashions, and parents who live in affluent inner city suburbs such as Parnell or Remuera. The stereotype is along the lines of the Sloane Ranger in London, though, again, less extreme.



    • Lifestyle
    Attractive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, and numerous leisure facilities. For quality of life, Auckland currently ranks eighth equal behind Zurich and Geneva in a survey of the world's top 55 cities. (Link: Mercer Consulting quality of life survey) Auckland placed 31st on the UBS list of the world's richest cities. [http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest_cities.html]

    Leisure

    Auckland is popularly known as the "City of Sails" because the harbour is often dotted with hundreds of yachts. Viaduct Basin hosted two America's Cup challenges, and its cafes, restaurants, and clubs add to Auckland's vibrant nightlife. High Street, Queen Street, Auckland, Ponsonby Road, and Queen Street, Auckland, Ponsonby Road, and Karangahape_Road are also very popular with urban socialites. Newmarket, New Zealand and Parnell are upmarket shopping centres. Newmarket, New Zealand and Parnell are upmarket shopping centres. Otara's_and_Avondale's famous fleamarkets and Victoria Park Market are a colourful alternative shopping experience. Waitemata Harbour has popular beaches at Mission Bay, New Zealand|Mission Bay, Devonport, New Zealand, Devonport, New Zealand, Takapuna,_Long_Bay and Maraetai, and the west coast has popular surf spots at Piha and Muriwai. Many Auckland beaches are patrolled by Surf Lifesaving clubs which are part of the Surf Lifesaving Northern Region. Pleasant ferry trips go to Devonport, Waiheke Island and Rangitoto Island. Pleasant picnic spots are at Auckland Domain, Albert Park, Auckland, Albert Park, Auckland, One Tree Hill, New Zealand|One Tree Hill Domain and Western Springs. Auckland has its fair share of rugby and cricket grounds (notably Eden Park), and venues for motorsports, tennis, badminton, swimming, soccer, rugby league, and many other sports. Every year in March, an 8.4-km (5.2-mile) fun-run known as "Round the Bays" starts in the city and goes along the waterfront to the suburb of St Heliers, New Zealand|St Heliers. It attracts many tens of thousands of people and has been an annual event since Timeline of New Zealand history The Auckland Town Hall and Aotea Centre host conferences and cultural events such as theatre, kapa haka, and opera. Many national treasures are displayed at the Auckland Art Gallery, such as the work of Colin McCahon. Other significant cultural artefacts reside at the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the New Zealand National Maritime Museum|National Maritime Museum, and the Museum of Transport and Technology (MOTAT). Exotic creatures can be observed at the Auckland Zoo and Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World. Movies and rock concerts (notably, the "Big Day Out") are also well patronised.

    Work

    Every business day, many professional workers commute from all points of the region to downtown Auckland. Most major international corporations have an Auckland office. The most expensive office space is around lower Queen Street and the Viaduct Basin. A large proportion of the technical and trades workforce is based in the industrial zones of South Auckland.

    Housing

    The most common residence of Aucklanders is a bungalow on a "quarter acre" (1,000 m²), with the resulting large urban sprawl and reliance on motor vehicles. The regional council is trying to curb this trend, with housing density strategies such as more townhouses and apartments, and prohibiting subdivision of properties on the city fringes.


    Transport


    Road and rail

    Auckland has a significant traffic congestion problem. An extensive motorway network, planned decades ago during the height of the road building era, remains incomplete as of 2006. It is unlikely that this original plan will ever be built in its entirety because it is not economically viable anymore; however, a number of crucial gaps do exist in the current network. Since 2001, several motorway construction projects began in and around the Central Motorway Junction ("Spaghetti Junction"), while new routes are underway in the southwest of the city and along the upper harbour. Transport funding favours roads over public transport in Auckland, and indeed in New Zealand, and the planned motorway network is large for a city of Auckland's size. Most of Central Motorway Junction is completed, with the whole junction being completed by the end of 2006. [http://www.aucklandmotorways.co.nz] Recent improvements to the Northern Motorway have greatly reduced travel times from the North Shore to Orewa, while at the same time effectively extending Auckland's urban sprawl into southern Rodney District. It is projected that Orewa will eventually be swallowed up by Auckland's northward urban expansion. The Britomart Transport Centre which opened in July 2003 is a central interconnection point for buses, trains and ferries. During its planning period it provoked much controversy spanning multiple mayoral terms. During the 2001-2004 term the mayors of Auckland City and Manukau, John Banks (New Zealand)|John Banks and Sir Barry Curtis respectively, strongly advocated a proposal for an Eastern Transport Corridor, essentially a new motorway. Vociferous campaigners both supported and opposed the NZ$4 billion proposal throughout the term. John Banks subsequently lost the 2004 local body election, chiefly due to public opposition to the proposed motorway. The newly-elected Auckland City Council has a clear centre-left majority, and new Deputy Mayor Bruce Hucker announced in early November 2004 a major change in direction for Auckland City. Bus services provide the bulk of public transport, with commuter trains offering a limited service. However, recent investment in train services resulted in increased patronage of these services. The investment has focused on upgrading and refurbishing the current rolling stock and railway stations. Investment in new rail infrastructure remains limited, but there are signs this is changing. A recent project to double-track the western rail line, completed at a cost of NZD$23.2 million, has increased the frequency of train services on this line. Plans for light rail, mooted over the years, seem unlikely to proceed. The local government elections in September 2004 centred largely around candidates' policies on public transport, with the incumbent Auckland City mayor John Banks promoting the "Eastern Corridor" motorway plan, and his main rivals (former Auckland City mayor Christine Fletcher and businessman Dick Hubbard – the eventual winner) supporting public transport alternatives like light rail and improving existing bus and rail services. Auckland City Council has prepared plans for an underground railway connecting the Britomart Transport Centre to the western railway line. However due to the significant costs associated with a project of this size, and the prevailing attitudes towards public transport, it may be some time before the project begins. Increased population density around transport corridors and sustained inflated petrol prices may combine to make this project more attractive in the medium term. Also, recent patronage jumps in response to remedial improvements to the existing diesel powered rail network have resulted in greater support for plans for electrification, signal upgrades, station improvements and network expansion.

    Airports

    Auckland International Airport, New Zealand's largest airport, lies beside Manukau Harbour, in the southern suburb of Mangere, which is part of Manukau. It is a major base for Air New Zealand. Ongoing negotiations concern the development of a second airport at Whenuapai, a RNZAF airbase in Waitakere, to the northwest of the Auckland conurbation. As the air force is signalled to move to Ohakea base near Palmerston North, the feasibility of an international airport north of the city is being explored. Many private flights use the smaller airfield at Ardmore, New Zealand, south of the city but within the Auckland region. Ardmore, New Zealand, south of the city but within the Auckland region. Dairy_Flat to the north is used by light planes and some warbird enthusiasts. Mechanics Bay near the city centre, was the first international airport, used for many years as a base for flying boats of TEAL and amphibians of Tourist Air Travel and Sea Bee Air. It is now primarily used as a Heliport. A similar air force facility at Hobsonville has been sold to private boat builders.

    Ferries

    s, and with Half Moon Bay.


    Landmarks and places
  • - Auckland's Sky Tower, the tallest free-standing structure in the Southern Hemisphere, stands 328 m tall.
  • - Mount Eden's summit arguably offers Auckland's best views. It is the highest point in Auckland. However, there is local concern about the environmental impact the large numbers of tourist buses are having on the cone - they're said to be literally (if slowly) squashing it.
  • - One Tree Hill, New Zealand|One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) - a volcanic cone which dominates the skyline in the southern inner suburbs. It no longer has a tree on the summit.
  • - Mount Victoria, Auckland although slightly out-of-the-way for the casual tourist, offers a spectacular view of the city. A brisk walk from the Devonport Ferry terminal, the cone is steeped in history as is the nearby North Head.
  • - Rangitoto Island - guards the entrance to Waitemata Harbour, and forms a prominent feature on the eastern horizon.
  • - Eden Park - the city's primary stadium and a frequent home for All Blacks rugby and New Zealand cricket team|Black Caps cricket matches.
  • - Ericsson Stadium - a stadium used mainly for rugby league and football (soccer) matches.
  • - Western Springs Stadium - a natural amphitheatre used mainly for speedway races and rock (music) and pop (music) rock (music) and pop (music) concerts.
  • - Aotea Square, Queen Street, Auckland and Queen Street, Auckland and Karangahape Road- the hub of downtown Auckland.
  • - Auckland Harbour Bridge - connecting Auckland and the North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore, is an iconic symbol of Auckland.
  • - Viaduct Basin - Marina in downtown Auckland, venue for the America's Cup regatta 2000 and 2003. It is now a thriving commercial centre.
  • - Botany Town Centre, Howick - a complete shopping complex, one of the largest in Auckland including a cinema, bowling alley, food court and many shops to visit.



    • See also
  • - Auckland City, the territorial authority covering Auckland isthmus
  • - University of Auckland
  • - Auckland Grammar School, one of New Zealand's most prestigious schools
  • - Auckland (region), about the territorial authority of Auckland Region
  • - George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland



    • External links
  • - Auckland City Council: aucklandcity.govt.nz
  • - Tourism Auckland: aucklandnz.com, auckland-life.com
  • - Leisure & Lifestyle: 1, 2, 3, 4
  • - Street maps: 1, 2, 3
  • - Healthcare: Auckland, Waitemata, Counties Manukau
  • - News: nzherald.co.nz
  • - Transport: Buses & trains, Traffic-cams, Airport, Motorway Info



    • References
  • - New Windsor community profile
  • -
  • -
  • - .
  • -
    • This category is for articles relating to the geography of Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand. It includes articles on both the city of Auckland (which is comprised of Auckland City and three neighbouring cities) and the Auckland (region), which is comprised of the urban area and three additional districts.

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